Chenodeoxycholic Acid Based Microcapsules to Examine β-cell Survival and the Inflammatory Response

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Round-shaped microcapsules and Chenodeoxycholic Acid incorporation did not compromise shape or size of these microcapsules. It also shows that the atomic composition of the outer membrane of microcapsules was similar with
abundance of Ca, O and Cl atoms(by-products of ionic gelation and microcapsule fabrication) and suggests that CDCA was incorporated into the inner layers of the microcapsules. It also shows similar shape, size and morphology as well as cell distribution suggesting that CDCA did not compromise the microencapsulation process.
Similar size and size distribution of microcapsules while shows that the magnitude of the zeta potential was increased (p < 0.01) by Chenodeoxycholic Acid incorporation, suggesting greater repulsive forces between the particles and supporting the formation of stable dispersion system. In addition of this, Chenodeoxycholic Acid(CDCA) addition also brought about greater resistance to osmotic-induced swelling and provided structural reinforcement required to withstand mechanical stress to a greater extent. This may be explained by the hydrophobic and unique chemical nature of CDCA which is potentially capable of the following: (1) repel water molecules and osmoticinduced porosity of the microcapsule membrane; (2)deprotonate the carboxylic acid group providing enhanced electronegativity to the surface membrane; and (3) Van der Waals, ionic and covalent bond interaction between the bile acid and hydrogel-polyelectrolyte matrix resulting in enhanced structural support and microcapsule membrane stabilisation without adversely affecting size. These benefits will further be explained by FTIR studies conferring physico-chemical stability.
Incorporation of Chenodeoxycholic Acid(CDCA) created novel peakbond activity and study by IR. Specifically, there was the carboxylic acid O–H stretch at 2931.16 and 2865.99 cm?1 in the F2 microcapsule that was absent in the IR spectrum of F1 microcapsules. In addition, there was also C=O stretch at 1701.33 cm?1 and C–O stretch at 1253.31 and 1168.66 cm?1 attribute to the presence of the carboxylic acid group in CDCA in the analysis of F2 microcapsules.The N–H peak at 1596.06 cm?1 in F1 control microcapsule shifted very slightly to 1597.67 cm?1 in the F2 test microcapsule and this was also accompanied by a shift to the left in the amine C–N bond from 1025.20 cm?1 (F1; control) to 1074 cm?1 (F2; test). These alternations in peak-bond activity in the FTIR spectra for N–H and C–N chemical groups seem to indicate covalent bonding between the functional groups of the excipients SA, PLO and CDCA, perhaps resulting in the creation of more stable microcapsules with enhanced physicochemical stability. These benefits may result in improved microcapsulated cellular viability and biological activity.